E‐Waste, is a combination of used or unwanted electronic products that have exceeded their shelf life. Computer equipment, monitors/TV’s, cell phones, batteries, stereos, etc. Are popular examples of items that contain harmful toxic components that need to be recycled properly. “Electronic waste accounts for 2. A waste management plan serves as a comprehensive guide on how wastes can be reduced in every project, program or any undertaking. Doing this can reduce the risk of health issues and other concerns that arise whenever improper waste handling and disposal occurs. Aug 29, 2019  Waste management is an industry which revolves around the collection, storage, and disposal of waste, ranging from ordinary household waste to the waste generated at nuclear power plants. Developing effective waste management strategies is critical for nations all over the world, as many forms of waste can develop into a major problem when they are not handled properly. 7.1.2 Pollution. Poor management of the collection and disposal of solid waste may lead to leachate pollution of surface water or groundwater. This may cause significant problems if the waste contains toxic substances, or if nearby water sources are used for water supplies. Waste management means management of all the activities of handling waste from collecting waste to transporting it to its final destination for disposal. Waste management is essential for the healthy functioning of human and environment. We are generating waste on a faster pace than the disposal of waste is carried out.

• What Is Integrated Solid Waste Management Pdf
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• What Is Waste Management Pdf Download

Waste Management, Inc. is an American waste management, comprehensive waste, and environmental services company in North America. Founded in 1968, the company is headquartered in the First City Tower in Houston, Texas.^[3]

The company's network includes 346 transfer stations^[4] 293 active landfill disposal sites,^[4] 146 recycling plants,^[4] 111 beneficial-use landfill gas projects and six independent power production plants.^{[citation needed]} Waste Management offers environmental services to nearly 21 million residential, industrial, municipal and commercial customers in the United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico. With 26,000 collection and transfer vehicles, the company has the largest trucking fleet in the waste industry.^{[citation needed]} Together with its competitor Republic Services, Inc, the two handle more than half of all garbage collection in the United States.^[5]

• 1History
• 2Corporate structure and leadership
• 5Corporate issues
• 8Marketing

History[edit]

In 1893, Harm Huizenga, a Dutch immigrant, began hauling garbage at $1.25/wagon in Chicago.^[6] In 1968, Wayne Huizenga, Dean Buntrock, and Larry Beck founded Waste Management, Inc. and began aggressively purchasing many of the smaller garbage collection services across the country, as the descendant firm of Harm Huizenga. In 1971, Waste Management went public, and by 1972, the company had made 133 acquisitions with $82 million in revenue. It had 60,000 commercial and industrial accounts and 600,000 residential customers in 19 states and the provinces of Ontario and Quebec. In the 1980s, Waste Management acquired Service Corporation of America (SCA) to become the largest waste hauler in the country.

Between the years of 1976 and 1997, the executive officers of Waste Management, Inc. began 'cooking' the accounting books by refusing to record expenses necessary to write off the costs of unsuccessful and abandoned landfill development projects; establishing inflated environmental reserves (liabilities) in connection with acquisitions so that the excess reserves could be used to avoid recording unrelated operating expenses, improperly capitalizing a variety of expenses; failing to establish sufficient reserves (liabilities) to pay for income taxes and other expenses; avoiding depreciation expenses on their garbage trucks by both assigning unsupported and inflating salvage values and extending their useful lives; assigned arbitrary salvage values to other assets that previously had no salvage value; failed to record expenses for decreases in the value of landfills as they were filled with waste, used netting to eliminate approximately $490 million in current period operating expenses and accumulated prior period accounting misstatements by offsetting them against unrelated one-time gains on the sale or exchange of assets; and used geography entries to move tens of millions of dollars between various line items on the Company's income statement.^[7] Officers were accused of making 'the financials look the way we want to show them.' The top officers settled with the federal government for $30.8 million in 2005, without admitting guilt.^[8]

In 1993, Waste Management, Inc. changes to WMX Technologies, Inc. As a universal symbol of the other services they provided other than solid waste removal, recycling, and disposal.

When a new CEO took charge of the company in 1997, he ordered a review of the company's accounting practices in 1997. In 1998 Waste Management restated its 1992-1997 earnings by $1.7 billion, making it the largest restatement in history.

In 1998, in a pivotal development point, Waste Management merged with USA Waste Services, Inc. USA Waste Services CEO John E, Drury retained the chairman, and CEO position of the combined company. Waste Management then relocated its headquarters from Chicago to Houston. The merged company retained the Waste Management brand. In late 1999, John Drury stepped down as chairman due to brain surgery. Rodney R. Proto then took the position of chairman and CEO. Unfortunately, that year also brought trouble for the newly expanded company in the form of an accounting scandal.

In November 1999, turn-around CE was brought in to help Waste Management recover. The company has since implemented new technologies, safety standards, and operational practices and is on a steady upward climb.^[9]

On July 14, 2008, Waste Management offered a $34 per share all-cash bid to acquire arch-competitor Republic Services, Inc.^[10][11] On August 11, 2008, the bid was raised to $37 per share. On August 15, 2008, Republic Services, Inc. denied Waste Management's bid for a second time. On October 13, 2008, Waste Management withdrew its bid for Republic Services, citing financial market turmoil.^[12]

In January 2009, a global economic crisis forced Waste Management to aggressively reduce and restructure its corporate workforce.

On February 7, 2010, CBS debuted a new TV series called Undercover Boss after the Super Bowl. Waste Management COO Lawrence O'Donnell III participated in this first episode and got a chance to see up close the inner workings of the company he helped run. O'Donnell left Waste Management on July 1, 2010.^[13]

In 2015, Winters Brothers assumed all of WM's operations in Connecticut and New York (excluding New York City, and continues to service these regions under contract with WM.^[14]

Waste Management also sponsored the #14 car of Sterling Marlin in 2006 until 2007 in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series.

USA Waste Services Inc[edit]

In 1987, USA Waste was founded in Oklahoma by Don Moorehead and moved the headquarters to Dallas, Texas, after buying out local haulers. After John Drury, CEO of BFI, got in a dispute with William Ruckelshaus, Drury left. He later became a part of USA Waste Services. He acquired Mid-American Waste Systems with co-founder George Moorehead; that boosted USA Waste.^{[citation needed]} In 1994, USA Waste acquired TransAmerican Waste Industries from Tom J. Fatjo, former CEO and founder of BFI. In 1995 USA Waste acquired Sanifill, and Rodney Proto then become COO of USA Waste Services. USA Waste Services, Inc., moved into Sanifill's headquarters in Houston, Texas. Later in 1995, USA Waste acquired the assets of Allied Waste Industries, Inc. in Canada, after the Laidlaw acquisition. In 1996 USA Waste Services acquired Kosti Shirvanian hauler Western Waste Industries, which put USA Waste right behind number 1 hauler WMX Technologies, Inc., and number 2 Browning-Ferris Industries, Inc.^{[citation needed]} Kosti now served on USA Waste's board of directors. Early in 1997, USA Waste acquired both BFI's and WMX's Canadian assets. In mid-1997, USA Waste acquired Bradley S. Jacobs's hauler United Waste Systems. Jacobs sold to USA Waste and did not become a part of USA Waste. In 1998, USA Waste acquired City Management Corp. in MI. Later in 1998, John Drury and USA Waste Services, Inc., and hauler WMX Technologies, Inc. merged. John Drury took the CEO position. John Drury retired the name USA Waste and kept the name Waste Management, Inc., after the merger. Drury then retired the WMX 'Buntrock Burgundy' to USA Waste's gold and green. The logo is also a mirror image of USA Waste's 'U' logo. In April 2000, Drury died. Rodney Proto then took over CEO of the new Waste Management. He was then fired by the executives. Then Larry O'Donnell, a former USA Waste executive, took over as chief operating officer.

Corporate structure and leadership[edit]

Waste Management is structured into the following units:

• North Tier
  • Jeff Harris, senior vice president
• South Tier
  • John Morris, senior vice president

Current members of the board of directors of Waste Management are:

James C. Fish, Jr. - president and chief executive officer

Frank M. Clark, Jr. - retired chairman and chief executive officer, ComEd

Andrés R. Gluski - president and chief executive officer, The AES Corporation

Patrick W. Gross - chairman, The Lovell Group

Victoria M. Holt- president and chief executive officer, Proto Labs, Inc.

Kathleen M. Mazzarella - chairman, president and chief executive officer, Graybar Electric Company, Inc.

John C. 'Jack' Pope - chairman, PFI Group; chairman, R.R. Donnelley & Sons

Thomas H. Weidemeyer - non-executive chairman of the board, retired senior vice president and chief operating officer, United Parcel Service, Inc.

James C Fish, Jr. is the chief executive officer of the company since 2016, succeeding David P. Steiner.

In February 2018, James E. Trevathan and Jeff Harris notified the company that they plan to retire at the end of year.^[15]

Subsidiaries[edit]

• Waste Management Recycle America
  • Mr. James C. Fish Jr., President

Recycling[edit]

Waste Management currently manages the recycling of more than 8.5 million tons of materials, including metal, plastic, glass, electronics and paper at 128 facilities.^{[citation needed]}

One service provided by Waste Management, single-stream recycling, allows recyclable materials to be comingled, rather than separated by the customer and handled separately by the collection provider. The company currently operates 30 single-stream recycling facilities throughout North America. Because the single-stream recycling process eliminates the need for customers to separate items before they are collected, it usually leads to higher recycling participation rates in local communities.^[16]

Electronics recycling, or ecycling, is another focus for Waste Management. This refers to the proper disposal of electronic items like televisions, computers, microwave ovens, cellular phones, VCRs and DVDs and other such products. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) encourages consumers to reuse and recycle these valuable products to keep them out of the waste stream.^[17] With this in mind, Waste Management has partnered with several companies, like LG Electronics, to recycle electronics for reprocessing.^[18]

The company operates approximately 150 e-cycling centers throughout the country through its subsidiary, WM Recycle America.^[19] It January 2010, the company announced that WM Recycle America was implementing the Responsible Recycling (R2) Program for electronics recyclers, which establishes accepted practices to help protect the environment and workers' health and safety while e-waste is handled.^[20] In addition these practices allow third parties to monitor activity and create greater transparency in the e-cycling sector.

Waste Management has also invested in new methods and technologies for reusing and recycling non-traditional materials, such as organic waste and construction debris. In 2010, Waste Management announced two strategic investments to advance recycling technologies in North America:

• In January 2010, Waste Management announced it would fund Boston-area company Harvest Power, which specializes in turning food and yard waste into compost.^[21][22] Harvest Power is also working to develop anaerobic digester technology that uses waste to create a biogas, which can produce electricity, heat or be converted to natural gas.
• In May 2010, Waste Management announced its investment in MicroGREEN Polymers Inc., which specializes in reducing the amount plastic required for production of consumer products, like plastic bottles.^[23][24]

In June 2009, Waste Management signed an agreement with BigBelly Solar to be the sole waste company distributor of BigBelly's technology in North America.^[25] BigBelly compactors are self-powered by built-in solar panels and are capable of holding 180 gallons of waste.^[25] The compactors decrease the need for trash pickup by 80 percent, which reduces production costs, fuel use, and greenhouse gas emissions.^[25]

Waste Management Solar Compactors became a staple at the Waste Management Phoenix Open; the company replaced FBR as the title sponsor of this PGA TOUR tournament in December 2009.^[26] As title sponsor, Waste Management introduced a variety of technologies to make the Phoenix Open one of the most eco-friendly tournaments on the PGA TOUR.^[27] Waste Management has been working with other sports and music venues across the nation to increase recycling among patrons. It teamed up with Live Nation to forward the Recycling Rocks! campaign across the U.S.^[28]

Additionally, its subsidiaries GreenOps, LLC and Greenopolis placed recycling kiosks in front of grocery stores and collected more than 4,000,000 bottles and cans.^[29] Waste Management then partnered with PepsiCo to use that technology to develop the Dream Machine recycling initiative to increase beverage container recycling throughout the U.S.^[30] Dream Machine kiosks are computerized recycling receptacles that include a personal reward system that allows users to accumulate and redeem points for every item they recycle at www.greenopolis.com.

Waste Management is also involved in landfill gas utilization, including landfill-gas-to-energy (LFGTE) production. The company has over 115 LFGTE facilities, and plans to add another 60 facilities by 2012.^[31] LFGTE facilities collect methane and carbon dioxide gases emitted during the natural anaerobic decomposition of organic waste in the landfill. These gases are then used to fuel engines or turbines that generate electricity to power surrounding areas.

In August 2009, Waste Management announced that it would join Valero Energy Corporation as a strategic investor in Terrabon L.L.C.'s waste-to-fuel conversion technology.^[32][33] Waste Management will also assist Terrabon in securing organic waste streams. Terrabon specializes in refining municipal solid wastes and sewage sludge into non-hazardous organic salts. The organic salts are then sent to Valero where it can be converted into gasoline, diesel or jet fuel.

Around this same time, Waste Management launched a joint venture with Oregon-based company InEnTec to form S4 Energy Solutions.^[34][35][36] S4 uses a process called plasma gasification (also known as plasma arc waste disposal) to heat waste materials until they break down to produce a synthesis gas, or syngas. The syngas can be converted into transportation fuels, such as ethanol or diesel, or can be used as a substitute for natural-gas heating and electricity.

In February 2010, Waste Management announced a strategic investment agreement with Enerkem Inc., a Canadian-based company that specializes in converting waste materials that are most often landfilled, such as carbon-based feedstock, municipal solid waste, construction and demolition wood and agricultural and forest residues, into biofuels like ethanol.^[37][38] The investment signifies Waste Management's continued efforts to invest in upcoming green technologies and to double its renewable energy production.

International[edit]

In 2009, Waste Management purchased a 40-percent stake in Shanghai Environment Group Co Ltd, a wholly owned subsidiary of Shanghai Chengtou Holding Co Ltd.^[39] SEG sought Waste Management's investment in order to benefit from Waste Management's experience in the waste disposal field, as well as improve their technology for waste disposal.^[40]

Corporate issues[edit]

1995 lawsuit[edit]

Shareholders sued Wheelabrator Technologies's (WTI) board of directors for breach of their fiduciary duty, challenging the merger of WTI into Waste Management. In 1995, the case, In re Wheelabrator Technologies, Inc. Shareholders Litigation, came before the Court of Chancery of Delaware on an appeal regarding the Board's motion for summary judgment. The shareholders argued the Board breached their duty of care because there was not sufficient process, they didn't look at alternative transactions, didn't consider information regarding waste's legal liabilities, they didn't appoint a committee of independent directors to negotiate the merger, and they didn't adequately consider the terms of the merger; they breached their duty of loyalty, and; they breached their duty to disclose relevant information regarding the merger. Ultimately, the court dismissed the duty of disclosure claim but allowed the duty of loyalty claim to a degree. In regards to the duty of loyalty claim, the court disagreed with both the shareholders and the Board. It labelled the merger as an interested transaction, not a controlled shareholder transaction, so the business judgment rule applies and the burden to prove waste is on the shareholders.^[41][42]

Accounting improprieties[edit]

Revelations of irregular accounting led to a major drop in stock price and to the replacement of top executives after a new CEO ordered a review of the company's accounting practices in 1998. Waste Management's shareholders lost more than $6 billion in the market value of their investments when the stock price plummeted by more than 33%.^[8] The company had augmented the depreciation time length for their property, plant, and equipment, artificially inflating the company's after-tax profits by US$1.7 billion. On July 8, 1999, a class action lawsuit was filed against WMI and its certains officers for issuing false statements. Waste Management paid US$457 million to settle a shareholderclass-action suit in 2003. The SEC fined Waste Management's independent auditor, Arthur Andersen, US$7 million for its role.^[43][44]

ERP software implementation failure[edit]

In 2005, Waste Management entered into a Software Licensing Agreement (SLA) with SAP AG. Under the agreement, SAP and its wholly owned subsidiary, Tomorrow Now, were to implement SAP's Enterprise Resource Planning software. The implementation began when an 8 months pilot program was established in Waste Management's New Mexico market area, the market-share area at the time. This initial implementation was to be followed in two months with a company-wide implementation from Waste Management's headquarters in Houston, Texas.^[45]

In December 2007, Waste Management ended their ERP implementation effort. Waste Management characterized the ERP implementation as non-functional. An SAP sponsored 'Solution Review' determined that a customized ERP, based upon an updated SAP ERP, would need to be made in order to accommodate a company-wide implementation.

Waste Management sued SAP for the US$100 million to recover the funds it had spent on the failed ERP implementation.^[46] In the lawsuit, Waste Management accused SAP of fraud and deception. SAP countered that Waste Management failed to present knowledgeable workers and accurate business models and failed to migrate data from legacy systems. The suit concluded in 2010 under confidential terms and a one time payment from SAP to Waste Management disclosed to the SEC.^[47]

Labor relations[edit]

In 2007, Waste Management locked out Teamsters at its largest hauling operation in Alameda County, CA. The lockout lasted a little less than a month and put 900 members of the Teamsters, ILWU, and Machinists Union on picket lines and raised concerns over sanitary impact on the affected communities.^[48] The lockout was stopped when affected communities started legal actions against Waste Management. According to Waste Management officials, the company worked over the past three months to negotiate an agreement fair to both Waste Management and the union. The union did not want to negotiate over the company's proposals and refused to offer their own proposal unless Waste Management agreed to withdraw all proposals from the table.^[49] Oakland's City Council reached a settlement with Waste Management over the dispute in March, 2008. The company rebated more than $3 million to customers and Oakland customers will receive additional services over the next five years.^[50]

Environmental record[edit]

Waste Management's operations consist of environmental protection, groundwater protection, environmental engineering, and air and gas management. Waste Management currently operates ten full-scale waste treatment landfill projects in the U.S. and Canada. As a member of the Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX), Waste Management made a commitment during the pilot phase to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by four percent below the average of its 1998–2001 baseline by 2006.^[51] They have also replaced nearly 500 diesel-fueled trucks with vehicles that run on 100 percent natural gas. These new garbage and recycling trucks comprise one of the nation's largest fleets of heavy-duty trucks powered exclusively by natural gas.^[52]

In November 2009, at Waste Management's Altamont Landfill, a new plant began producing 13,000 gallons a day of clean-burning LNG fuel from methane gas from the landfill that had fueled an electric power plant since 1969. Waste Management has said that the plant, announced in April 2008, and built and operated by The Linde Group with state funding, is the world's largest facility to convert landfill gas into vehicle fuel.^[53][54][55]

Waste Management works with environmental groups in the U.S. to set aside land to create and manage wetlands and wildlife habitats. The company's landfills currently provide approximately 21,000 acres (85 km²) of protected land for wildlife; 73 landfills are certified^[56] by the Wildlife Habitat Council.

In May 2011, Waste Management's Wheelabrator division agreed to pay a record $7.5 million settlement with the Commonwealth of Massachusetts for a host of environmental violations at its plants in North Andover, Saugus, and Millbury, Massachusetts. The settlement was announced on May 2, 2011 by the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection and Attorney General Martha Coakley's office.^[57]

Marketing[edit]

The current slogan is 'From everyday collection, to environmental protection, think green. Think Waste Management.' They also are featured in a Walt Disney WorldEpcot attraction, Innoventions.

Waste Management has also tried to soften its impact on communities through public relations, such as its 2011 renaming of Mount Trashmore in northern Broward County, Florida, from the 'North Broward County Resource Recovery and Central Disposal Sanitary Landfill' to the 'Monarch Hill Renewable Energy Park.'^[58]

Television[edit]

In February 2010, Waste Management was the first company featured on CBS television series Undercover Boss. Chief Operating Officer Lawrence (Larry) O'Donnell, III learned of many policies he introduced but wished to change to improve the working environment of his employees. In one example, route supervisors sometimes observe garbage collecting to monitor quality, productivity and adherence to safety rules. Some garbage collectors perceived this as spying, a characterization that disturbed O'Donnell. In another example, O'Donnell chose to end the practice of deduction of pay for time clock rules violations during the lunch hour.

O'Donnell personally intervened in the career of an administrative assistant he met while filming the series. The administrative assistant had put her family's house up for sale due to lack of sufficient income despite working two jobs. O'Donnell promoted the employee to a supervisor position, which included a higher rate of pay and bonus eligibility, thus allowing her to keep the house.

Product placement[edit]

The Waste Management brand is featured in several recent films. Waste Management vehicles and equipment are featured prominently in several scenes in Transformers: Dark of the Moon. In the film, one character transforms from a robot into a Waste Management collection vehicle. A Waste Management branded roll-off box can be seen in the background of a scene in the 2009 film Paul Blart: Mall Cop and a character dressed as a Waste Management employee appears in the film, The Spy Next Door. A Mack TerraPro truck owned by Waste Management that transforms into three Junkheaps appears in Transformers: Age of Extinction.

Restatement[edit]

On November 14, 1997, the company reclassified or adjusted certain items in its financial statements for 1996 and the first nine months of 1997.^[59] Adobe photoshop cs2 crack download.

On August 3, 1999, the company would have to restate first-quarter results downward, partly because of changes in the value of landfills and otherassets in connection with its acquisition last year of Wheelabrator Technologies Inc.^[60]

Notes[edit]

1. ^'Jan 1, 1968: Waste Management - IPOs as WM CrunchBase'. CrunchBase. Retrieved 2016-02-24.
2. ^ ^abcdef'Waste Management, Inc. 2017 Annual Report (Form 10-K)'. sec.gov. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. February 2018.
3. ^'Contact Us.' Waste Management, Inc. Retrieved on January 14, 2009.
4. ^ ^abc'About Waste Management'. www.wm.com. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
5. ^Aseltine, McRea, Modi, Shukla, and Sullivan. A Strategic Case Analysis: Waste Management Inc. Spring 2006. 3.6.3. Summary of Competitive Analysis. 'The three largest national companies, Waste Management, Allied Waste and Republic Services together handle more than half the solid waste generated in the United States today.' [and Allied and Republic have since merged]
6. ^Swanson, Stevenson (1993-03-29). 'Lucrative Lure Of Garbage Hauling Has Long Been A Dutch Treat'. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2016-03-31.
7. ^'Dean L. Buntrock et al. (Waste Management, Inc.): Lit. Rel. No. 17435 / March 26, 2002'. www.sec.gov. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
8. ^ ^ab'Waste Management Founder, Five Others Sued for Massive Fraud'. www.sec.gov. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
9. ^Greer, Jim (2004-01-30). 'Turnaround ace pulls WMI out of the dumps - Houston Business Journal'. Houston.bizjournals.com. Retrieved 2010-07-10.
10. ^'Waste Management: Trashing a Merger?'. 15 July 2008. Retrieved 29 March 2018 – via www.bloomberg.com.
11. ^'Waste Management, Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Jul 14, 2008'(PDF). secdatabase.com. Retrieved May 13, 2018.
12. ^'Waste Management, Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Oct 14, 2008'. secdatabase.com. Retrieved May 13, 2018.
13. ^Rodriguez, Salvador (2010-06-02). 'Waste Management's O'Donnell to leave company'. Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
14. ^WM operations
15. ^'Waste Management, Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Feb 2, 2018'. secdatabase.com. Retrieved May 13, 2018.
16. ^'Single-stream system lifts recycling 39 percent in Stamford'. Stamford Advocate. Retrieved 2010-07-26.
17. ^'Reusing and Donating Electronics'. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
18. ^'BRIEF: eCycling at State Fair Park'. TMCnet.com. Retrieved 2010-08-18.
19. ^'LG and Waste Management To e-Cycle LG Gear for Free'. Earth2Tech. Retrieved 2008-08-05.
20. ^'Responsible Recycling (R2) Practices for Use in Accredited Certification Programs'. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
21. ^'Waste Management invests in Harvest Power'. Biomass Magazine. Retrieved 2010-01-25.
22. ^'HarvestPower.com'. HarvestPower.com. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
23. ^'Waste Management invests in MicroGREEN'. Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved 2010-05-19.
24. ^'MicroGreenInc.com'. MicroGreenInc. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
25. ^ ^abc'Waste Management to distribute BigBelly solar-powered compactors'. Houston Business Journal. 2009-06-12. Retrieved 2009-06-12.
26. ^'Waste Management is new title sponsor of Phoenix Open'. Arizona Central. Retrieved 2009-12-09.
27. ^'Waste Management Phoenix Open'. WasteManagementPhoenixOpen.com. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
28. ^'Recycling Rocks'. recyclingrocks.com. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
29. ^'Sustainable packaging: Four millionth item recycled by Greenopolis kiosk'. PackagingDigest.com. 2010.
30. ^'PepsiCo and Waste Management partner for on-the-go recycling'. American Recycler. Retrieved 2010-06-01.
31. ^'Waste Management LFGTE Facility at Superior Landfill Savannah, GA'. MSW Management. Retrieved 2010-05-26.
32. ^'Waste Management invests in waste-to-fuel conversion technology'. Washington Examiner. Retrieved 2009-08-26.
33. ^'Terrabon'. Terrabon.com. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
34. ^'Waste Management to Add Landfill Plasma Gasification Unit'. Environmental Leader. Retrieved 2010-03-08.
35. ^'InEnTec'. InEnTec.com. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
36. ^'S4 Energy Solutions'. s4energysolutions.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-30. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
37. ^'Waste Management & Enerkem Announce Strategic Investment'. RenewableEnergyWorld.com. Retrieved 2010-03-25.
38. ^'Enerkem'. enerkem.com. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
39. ^'Waste Management Buys 40 Percent of Shanghai Environment Group'. Waste Age. Retrieved 2009-08-06.
40. ^'US waste manager nets 40% in SEG'. China Daily. Retrieved 2009-08-06.
41. ^'In Re Wheelabrator Tech. Shareholders Lit., 663 A.2d 1194 – CourtListener.com'. CourtListener. Retrieved 2017-11-14.
42. ^Jarrod Shobe, Lecture on Fiduciary Duty, BYU Law (Nov 2017).
43. ^PBS. 'Waste Management: System Breakdown'. Retrieved 2007-06-07.
44. ^CNN (2001-11-07). 'Waste Management settles suit'. Retrieved 2007-06-03.
45. ^Harris County, Texas. 'Plantif's Original Petition'(PDF). Retrieved 2011-09-19.
46. ^CIO. '10 Famous ERP Disasters, Dustups and Disappointments'. Retrieved 2011-09-19.
47. ^ComputerWorld. 'SAP, Waste Management settle lawsuit'. Retrieved 2011-09-19.
48. ^'Lockout ends as garbage workers OK new contract'. San Francisco Chronicle. 2007-07-29. Retrieved 2009-03-26.
49. ^'Waste Management of Alameda County Deploys Temporary Substitute Workers'. NASDAQ GlobeNewswire. Retrieved 2009-03-26.
50. ^'City of Oakland Settles Over 2007 Trash Lockout'. KCBS. Retrieved 2009-03-26.
51. ^'Waste Management joins Chicago Climate Exchange - Houston Business Journal'. Houston.bizjournals.com. 2003-02-21. Retrieved 2010-07-10.
52. ^WM: 2006 Sustainability ReportArchived July 28, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
53. ^'Waste Management To Run California Fleet On Landfill Gas • Environmental Leader • Green Business, Sustainable Business, and Green Strategy News for Corporate Sustainability Executives'. Environmentalleader.com. 2008-05-01. Retrieved 2010-07-10.
54. ^'Trash to gas: Landfill energy projects increasing 89.3 KPCC'. Scpr.org. Retrieved 2010-07-10.
55. ^'Transportation Energy Data Book'.
56. ^Thursday, November 12, 2009 (2009-11-12). 'Gloucester County's incinerator lauded for work preserving wildlife habitats'. NJ.com. Retrieved 2010-07-10.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
57. ^Brian Messenger (May 3, 2011). 'Wheelabrator agrees to pay $7.5 million for violations'. Lawrence Eagle-Tribune. Retrieved June 22, 2011.
58. ^Nolin, Robert; Wayne K. Roustan (Apr 11, 2011). 'Mount Trashmore gets new name'. South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved 2011-04-11.
59. ^'Waste Management, Inc. Announces Financial Statement Revisions and Third Quarter Charge;'.
60. ^'Waste Management Hits Reduced Profit Target, May Restate 1st Quarter'. Archived from the original on February 15, 2016.

External links[edit]

• Business data for Waste Management:

Waste management (or waste disposal) are the activities and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal.^[1]This includes the collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste, together with monitoring and regulation of the waste management process.

Waste can be solid, liquid, or gas and each type has different methods of disposal and management. Waste management deals with all types of waste, including industrial, biological and household. In some cases, waste can pose a threat to human health.^[2] Waste is produced by human activity, for example, the extraction and processing of raw materials.^[3] Waste management is intended to reduce adverse effects of waste on human health, the environment or aesthetics.

Waste management practices are not uniform among countries (developed and developing nations); regions (urban and rural areas), and residential and industrial sectors can all take different approaches.^[4]

A large portion of waste management practices deal with municipal solid waste (MSW) which is the bulk of the waste that is created by household, industrial, and commercial activity.^[5]

• 1Principles of waste management
• 2History
• 3Waste handling and transport
• 5Disposal methods
• 7Re-use
• 8Liquid waste-management

Principles of waste management[edit]

Waste hierarchy[edit]

The waste hierarchy refers to the '3 Rs' reduce, reuse and recycle, which classifies waste management strategies according to their desirability in terms of waste minimisation. The waste hierarchy is the cornerstone of most waste minimisation strategies. The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount of end waste; see: resource recovery.^[6] The waste hierarchy is represented as a pyramid because the basic premise is that policies should promote measures to prevent the generation of waste. The next step or preferred action is to seek alternative uses for the waste that has been generated i.e. by re-use. The next is recycling which includes composting. Following this step is material recovery and waste-to-energy. The final action is disposal, in landfills or through incineration without energy recovery. This last step is the final resort for waste which has not been prevented, diverted or recovered.^{[7][page needed]} The waste hierarchy represents the progression of a product or material through the sequential stages of the pyramid of waste management. The hierarchy represents the latter parts of the life-cycle for each product.

Life-cycle of a product[edit]

The life-cycle begins with design, then proceeds through manufacture, distribution, and primary use and then follows through the waste hierarchy's stages of reduce, reuse and recycle. Each stage in the life-cycle offers opportunities for policy intervention, to rethink the need for the product, to redesign to minimize waste potential, to extend its use.^{[7][page needed]} Product life-cycle analysis is a way to optimize the use of the world's limited resources by avoiding the unnecessary generation of waste.

Resource efficiency[edit]

Resource efficiency reflects the understanding that global economic growth and development can not be sustained at current production and consumption patterns. Globally, humanity extracts more resources to produce goods than the planet can replenish.^{[7][page needed]} Resource efficiency is the reduction of the environmental impact from the production and consumption of these goods, from final raw material extraction to last use and disposal.

Polluter-pays principle[edit]

The polluter-pays principle mandates that the polluting party pays for the impact on the environment. With respect to waste management, this generally refers to the requirement for a waste generator to pay for appropriate disposal of the unrecoverable material.

History[edit]

Throughout most of history, the amount of waste generated by humans was insignificant due to low population density and low societal levels of the exploitation of natural resources as well as industrial since a few decades ago. Common waste produced during pre-modern times was mainly ashes and human biodegradable waste, and these were released back into the ground locally, with minimum environmental impact. Tools made out of wood or metal were generally reused or passed down through the generations.

However, some civilizations do seem to have been more profligate in their waste output than others. In particular, the Maya of Central America had a fixed monthly ritual, in which the people of the village would gather together and burn their rubbish in large dumps.^[8]

Modern era[edit]

Following the onset of industrialisation and the sustained urban growth of large population centres in England, the buildup of waste in the cities caused a rapid deterioration in levels of sanitation and the general quality of urban life. The streets became choked with filth due to the lack of waste clearance regulations.^[9] Calls for the establishment of a municipal authority with waste removal powers occurred as early as 1751, when Corbyn Morris in London proposed that '.. as the preservation of the health of the people is of great importance, it is proposed that the cleaning of this city, should be put under one uniform public management, and all the filth be..conveyed by the Thames to proper distance in the country'.^[10]

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However, it was not until the mid-19th century, spurred by increasingly devastating cholera outbreaks and the emergence of a public health debate that the first legislation on the issue emerged. Highly influential in this new focus was the report The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population in 1842^[11] of the social reformer, Edwin Chadwick, in which he argued for the importance of adequate waste removal and management facilities to improve the health and wellbeing of the city's population.

In the UK, the Nuisance Removal and Disease Prevention Act of 1846 began what was to be a steadily evolving process of the provision of regulated waste management in London. The Metropolitan Board of Works was the first citywide authority that centralized sanitation regulation for the rapidly expanding city and the Public Health Act 1875 made it compulsory for every household to deposit their weekly waste in 'moveable receptacles' for disposal—the first concept for a dust-bin.^[12]

The dramatic increase in waste for disposal led to the creation of the first incineration plants, or, as they were then called, 'destructors'. In 1874, the first incinerator was built in Nottingham by Manlove, Alliott & Co. Ltd. to the design of Alfred Fryer.^[10] However, these were met with opposition on account of the large amounts of ash they produced and which wafted over the neighbouring areas.^[13]

Similar municipal systems of waste disposal sprung up at the turn of the 20th century in other large cities of Europe and North America. In 1895, New York City became the first U.S. city with public-sector garbage management.^[12]

Early garbage removal trucks were simply open bodied dump trucks pulled by a team of horses. They became motorized in the early part of the 20th century and the first closed body trucks to eliminate odours with a dumping lever mechanism were introduced in the 1920s in Britain.^[14] These were soon equipped with 'hopper mechanisms' where the scooper was loaded at floor level and then hoisted mechanically to deposit the waste in the truck. The Garwood Load Packer was the first truck in 1938, to incorporate a hydraulic compactor.

Waste handling and transport[edit]

Waste collection methods vary widely among different countries and regions. Domestic waste collection services are often provided by local government authorities, or by private companies for industrial and commercial waste. Some areas, especially those in less developed countries, do not have formal waste-collection systems.

Waste handling practices[edit]

Curbside collection is the most common method of disposal in most European countries, Canada, New Zealand, United States, and many other parts of the developed world in which waste is collected at regular intervals by specialised trucks. This is often associated with curb-side waste segregation. In rural areas waste may need to be taken to a transfer station. Waste collected is then transported to an appropriate disposal facility.In some areas, vacuum collection is used in which waste is transported from the home or commercial premises by vacuum along small bore tubes. Systems are in use in Europe and North America.

In some jurisdictions unsegregated waste is collected at the curb-side or from waste transfer stations and then sorted into recyclables and unusable waste. Such systems are capable of sorting large volumes of solid waste, salvaging recyclables, and turning the rest into bio-gas and soil conditioner.In San Francisco, the local government established its Mandatory Recycling and Composting Ordinance in support of its goal of 'Zero waste by 2020', requiring everyone in the city to keep recyclables and compostables out of the landfill. The three streams are collected with the curbside 'Fantastic 3' bin system – blue for recyclables, green for compostables, and black for landfill-bound materials – provided to residents and businesses and serviced by San Francisco's sole refuse hauler, Recology. The City's 'Pay-As-You-Throw' system charges customers by the volume of landfill-bound materials, which provides a financial incentive to separate recyclables and compostables from other discards. The City's Department of the Environment's Zero Waste Program has led the City to achieve 80% diversion, the highest diversion rate in North America.^[15] Other businesses such as Waste Industries use a variety of colors to distinguish between trash and recycling cans.

Financial models[edit]

In most developed countries, domestic waste disposal is funded from a national or local tax which may be related to income, or property values. Commercial and industrial waste disposal is typically charged for as a commercial service, often as an integrated charge which includes disposal costs. This practice may encourage disposal contractors to opt for the cheapest disposal option such as landfill rather than the environmentally best solution such as re-use and recycling.

In some areas such as Taipei, the city government charges its households and industries for the volume of rubbish they produce. Waste is collected by the city council only if it is put in government issued rubbish bags. This policy has successfully reduced the amount of waste the city produces and increased the recycling rate.^{[citation needed]}

Morocco has also seen benefits from implementing a $300 million sanitary landfill system. While it might appear to be a costly investment, the country's government predicts that it has saved them another $440 million in damages, or consequences of failing to dispose of waste properly.^[16]

Disposal methods[edit]

Landfill[edit]

Incineration[edit]

Incineration is a disposal method in which solid organic wastes are subjected to combustion so as to convert them into residue and gaseous products. This method is useful for disposal of both municipal solid waste and solid residue from waste water treatment. This process reduces the volumes of solid waste by 80 to 95 percent.^[17] Incineration and other high temperature waste treatment systems are sometimes described as 'thermal treatment'. Incinerators convert waste materials into heat, gas, steam, and ash.

Incineration is carried out both on a small scale by individuals and on a large scale by industry. It is used to dispose of solid, liquid and gaseous waste. It is recognized as a practical method of disposing of certain hazardous waste materials (such as biological medical waste). Incineration is a controversial method of waste disposal, due to issues such as emission of gaseous pollutants.

Incineration is common in countries such as Japan where land is more scarce, as the facilities generally do not require as much area as landfills. Waste-to-energy (WtE) or energy-from-waste (EfW) are broad terms for facilities that burn waste in a furnace or boiler to generate heat, steam or electricity. Combustion in an incinerator is not always perfect and there have been concerns about pollutants in gaseous emissions from incinerator stacks. Particular concern has focused on some very persistent organic compounds such as dioxins, furans, and PAHs, which may be created and which may have serious environmental consequences.

Recycling[edit]

Recycling is a resource recovery practice that refers to the collection and reuse of waste materials such as empty beverage containers. The materials from which the items are made can be reprocessed into new products. Material for recycling may be collected separately from general waste using dedicated bins and collection vehicles, a procedure called kerbside collection. In some communities, the owner of the waste is required to separate the materials into different bins (e.g. for paper, plastics, metals) prior to its collection. In other communities, all recyclable materials are placed in a single bin for collection, and the sorting is handled later at a central facility. The latter method is known as 'single-stream recycling.'^[18][19]

The most common consumer products recycled include aluminium such as beverage cans, copper such as wire, steel from food and aerosol cans, old steel furnishings or equipment, rubber tyres, polyethylene and PET bottles, glass bottles and jars, paperboardcartons, newspapers, magazines and light paper, and corrugated fiberboard boxes.

PVC, LDPE, PP, and PS (see resin identification code) are also recyclable. These items are usually composed of a single type of material, making them relatively easy to recycle into new products. The recycling of complex products (such as computers and electronic equipment) is more difficult, due to the additional dismantling and separation required.

The type of material accepted for recycling varies by city and country. Each city and country has different recycling programs in place that can handle the various types of recyclable materials. However, certain variation in acceptance is reflected in the resale value of the material once it is reprocessed. In July 2017, the Chinese government announced an import ban of 24 categories of recyclables and solid waste, including plastic, textiles and mixed paper, placing tremendous impact on developed countries globally, which exported directly or indirectly to China.^[20]

Re-use[edit]

Biological reprocessing[edit]

Recoverable materials that are organic in nature, such as plant material, food scraps, and paper products, can be recovered through composting and digestion processes to decompose the organic matter. The resulting organic material is then recycled as mulch or compost for agricultural or landscaping purposes. In addition, waste gas from the process (such as methane) can be captured and used for generating electricity and heat (CHP/cogeneration) maximising efficiencies. The intention of biological processing in waste management is to control and accelerate the natural process of decomposition of organic matter. (See resource recovery).

Energy recovery[edit]

Energy recovery from waste is the conversion of non-recyclable waste materials into usable heat, electricity, or fuel through a variety of processes, including combustion, gasification, pyrolyzation, anaerobic digestion, and landfill gas recovery.^[21] This process is often called waste-to-energy. Energy recovery from waste is part of the non-hazardous waste management hierarchy. Using energy recovery to convert non-recyclable waste materials into electricity and heat, generates a renewable energy source and can reduce carbon emissions by offsetting the need for energy from fossil sources as well as reduce methane generation from landfills.^[21] Globally, waste-to-energy accounts for 16% of waste management.^[22]

The energy content of waste products can be harnessed directly by using them as a direct combustion fuel, or indirectly by processing them into another type of fuel. Thermal treatment ranges from using waste as a fuel source for cooking or heating and the use of the gas fuel (see above), to fuel for boilers to generate steam and electricity in a turbine. Pyrolysis and gasification are two related forms of thermal treatment where waste materials are heated to high temperatures with limited oxygen availability. The process usually occurs in a sealed vessel under high pressure. Pyrolysis of solid waste converts the material into solid, liquid and gas products. The liquid and gas can be burnt to produce energy or refined into other chemical products (chemical refinery). The solid residue (char) can be further refined into products such as activated carbon. Gasification and advanced Plasma arc gasification are used to convert organic materials directly into a synthetic gas (syngas) composed of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The gas is then burnt to produce electricity and steam.An alternative to pyrolysis is high temperature and pressure supercritical water decomposition (hydrothermal monophasic oxidation).

Pyrolysis[edit]

Pyrolysis is often used to convert many types of domestic and industrial residues into a recovered fuel. Different types of waste input (such as plant waste, food waste, tyres) placed in the pyrolysis process potentially yield an alternative to fossil fuels.^[23] Pyrolysis is a process of thermo-chemical decomposition of organic materials by heat in the absence of stoichiometric quantities of oxygen; the decomposition produces various hydrocarbon gases.^[24] During pyrolysis, the molecules of object vibrate at high frequencies to an extent that molecules start breaking down. The rate of pyrolysis increases with temperature. In industrial applications, temperatures are above 430 °C (800 °F).^[25] Slow pyrolysis produces gases and solid charcoal.^[26] Pyrolysis hold promise for conversion of waste biomass into useful liquid fuel. Pyrolysis of waste wood and plastics can potentially produce fuel. The solids left from pyrolysis contain metals, glass, sand and pyrolysis coke which does not convert to gas. Compared to the process of incineration, certain types of pyrolysis processes release less harmful by-products that contain alkali metals, sulphur, and chlorine. However, pyrolysis of some waste yields gasses which impact the environment such as HCl and SO₂.^[27]

Resource recovery[edit]

Resource recovery is the systematic diversion of waste, which was intended for disposal, for a specific next use.^[28] It is the processing of recyclables to extract or recover materials and resources, or convert to energy.^[29] These activities are performed at a resource recovery facility.^[29] Resource recovery is not only environmentally important, but it is also cost-effective.^[30] It decreases the amount of waste for disposal, saves space in landfills, and conserves natural resources.^[30]

Resource recovery (as opposed to waste management) uses LCA (life cycle analysis) attempts to offer alternatives to waste management. For mixed MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) a number of broad studies have indicated that administration, source separation and collection followed by reuse and recycling of the non-organic fraction and energy and compost/fertilizer production of the organic material via anaerobic digestion to be the favoured path.

What Is Integrated Solid Waste Management Pdf

As an example of how resource recycling can be beneficial, many items thrown away contain metals that can be recycled to create a profit, such as the components in circuit boards. Wood chippings in pallets and other packaging materials can be recycled to useful products for horticulture. The recycled chips can cover paths, walkways, or arena surfaces.

Application of rational and consistent waste management practices can yield a range of benefits including:

1. Economic – Improving economic efficiency through the means of resource use, treatment and disposal and creating markets for recycles can lead to efficient practices in the production and consumption of products and materials resulting in valuable materials being recovered for reuse and the potential for new jobs and new business opportunities.
2. Social – By reducing adverse impacts on health by proper waste management practises, the resulting consequences are more appealing civic communities. Better social advantages can lead to new sources of employment and potentially lifting communities out of poverty especially in some of the developing poorer countries and cities.
3. Environmental – Reducing or eliminating adverse impacts on the environment through reducing, reusing and recycling, and minimizing resource extraction can result in improved air and water quality and help in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.
4. Inter-generational Equity – Following effective waste management practises can provide subsequent generations a more robust economy, a fairer and more inclusive society and a cleaner environment.^{[7][page needed]}

Sustainability[edit]

Waste Disposal

The management of waste is a key component in a business' ability to maintain ISO14001 accreditation. The standard encourages companies to improve their environmental efficiencies each year by eliminating waste through resource recovery practices. One way to do this is by adopting resource recovery practices like recycling materials such as glass, food scraps, paper and cardboard, plastic bottles and metal. Recycled materials can often be sold to the construction industry. Many inorganic waste streams can be used to produce materials for construction. Concrete and bricks can be recycled as artificial gravel. This topic was on the agenda of the International WASCON conference in Spain in June 2015 and on the international Conference on Green Urbanism, held in Italy 12–14 October 2016.^{[citation needed]}

Liquid waste-management[edit]

Sewage sludge[edit]

Sewage sludge is produced by waste water treatment processes. Due to rapid urbanization, there has been an increase in municipal waste water that results 0.1–30.8 kg of sewage per population equivalent per year (kg/p.e/year).^[31] Common disposal practices of sewage sludge are incineration, composting, and landfill.

Avoidance and reduction methods[edit]

An important method of waste management is the prevention of waste material being created, also known as waste reduction. Methods of avoidance include reuse of second-hand products, repairing broken items instead of buying new ones, designing products to be refillable or reusable (such as cotton instead of plastic shopping bags), encouraging consumers to avoid using disposable products (such as disposable cutlery), removing any food/liquid remains from cans and packaging,^[32] and designing products that use less material to achieve the same purpose (for example, lightweighting of beverage cans).^[33]

International waste movement[edit]

While waste transport within a given country falls under national regulations, trans-boundary movement of waste is often subject to international treaties. A major concern to many countries in the world has been hazardous waste. The Basel Convention, ratified by 172 countries, deprecates movement of hazardous waste from developed to less developed countries. The provisions of the Basel convention have been integrated into the EU waste shipment regulation.Radioactive waste, although considered hazardous, does not fall under the jurisdiction of the Basel Convention.

Challenges in developing countries[edit]

Areas with developing economies often experience exhausted waste collection services and inadequately managed and uncontrolled dumpsites. The problems are worsening.^{[7][page needed]} Problems with governance complicate the situation. Waste management in these countries and cities is an ongoing challenge due to weak institutions, chronic under-resourcing and rapid urbanization.^{[7][page needed]} All of these challenges, along with the lack of understanding of different factors that contribute to the hierarchy of waste management, affect the treatment of waste.^{[34][full citation needed]}

Technologies[edit]

Traditionally, the waste management industry has been a late adopter of new technologies such as RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tags, GPS and integrated software packages which enable better quality data to be collected without the use of estimation or manual data entry.^[35]

Scientific journals[edit]

Related scientific journals in this area include:

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Waste Disposal Pdf

1. ^'United Nations Statistics Division - Environment Statistics'. unstats.un.org. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
2. ^'Editorial Board/Aims & Scope'. Waste Management. 34 (3): IFC. March 2014. doi:10.1016/S0956-053X(14)00026-9.
3. ^'United Nations Statistics Division - Environment Statistics'. unstats.un.org. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
4. ^Davidson, Gary (June 2011). 'Waste Management Practices: Literature Review'(PDF). Dalhousie University - Office of Sustainability. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
5. ^'Glossary of environmental and waste management terms'. Handbook of Solid Waste Management and Waste Minimization Technologies. Butterworth-Heinemann. 2003. pp. 337–465. doi:10.1016/B978-075067507-9/50010-3. ISBN9780750675079.
6. ^Albert, Raleigh (4 August 2011). 'The Proper Care and Use of a Garbage Disposal'. Disposal Mag. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
7. ^ ^abcdefGuidelines for National Waste Management Strategies Moving from Challenges to Opportunities(PDF). United Nations Environmental Programme. 2013. ISBN978-92-807-3333-4..
8. ^Barbalace, Roberta Crowell (1 August 2003). 'The History of Waste'. EnvironmentalChemistry.com. Retrieved 9 December 2013.
9. ^Florence Nightingale, Selected Writings of Florence Nightingale, ed. Lucy Ridgely Seymer (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1954), pp. 38287
10. ^ ^abHerbert, Lewis (2007). 'Centenary History of Waste and Waste Managers in London and South East England'. Chartered Institution of Wastes Management.
11. ^Chadwick, Edwin (1842). Report..from the Poor Law Commissioners on an Inquiry into the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population of Great Britain. London. pp. 369–372. via Laura Del Col (11 October 2002). 'Chadwick's Report on Sanitary Conditions'. The Victorian Web.Missing or empty url= (help)
12. ^ ^abNational Waste & Recycling Association. 'History of Solid Waste Management'. Washington, D.C. Retrieved 9 December 2013.
13. ^Gandy, Matthew (1994). Recycling and the Politics of Urban Waste. Earthscan. ISBN9781853831683.
14. ^'Covered Bodies'. Archived from the original on 6 January 2015.
15. ^http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/greencityindex_international/all/en/pdf/report_northamerica_en.pdf
16. ^'How the world should cope with its growing piles of rubbish'. The Economist. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
17. ^http://web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading/urbanenvironment/resources/references/pdfs/DecisionMakers.pdf
18. ^City of Chicago, Illinois. Department of Streets and Sanitation. 'What is Single Stream Recycling.' Accessed 2013-12-09.
19. ^Montgomery County, Maryland. Division of Solid Waste Services. 'Curbside Collection.' Accessed 2013-12-09.
20. ^Walker, T. R. (2018). China's ban on imported plastic waste could be a game changer. Nature, 553(7689), 405-405.
21. ^ ^ab'Energy Recovery from Waste'. USEPA. 2014.
22. ^'Waste Hierarchy'. New Energy Corporation. 2014.
23. ^Czajczyńska, D.; Anguilano, L.; Ghazal, H.; Krzyżyńska, R.; Reynolds, A.J.; Spencer, N.; Jouhara, H. (September 2017). 'Potential of pyrolysis processes in the waste management sector'. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress. 3: 171–197. doi:10.1016/j.tsep.2017.06.003.
24. ^Oxford Reference – Pyrolysis
25. ^Encyclopedia Britannica
26. ^By Prabir Basu: Biomass Gasification, Pyrolysis and Torrefaction: Practical Design and Theory
27. ^Chen, Dezhen; Yin, Lijie; Wang, Huan; He, Pinjing (December 2014). 'Pyrolysis technologies for municipal solid waste: A review'. Waste Management. 34 (12): 2466–2486. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2014.08.004. PMID25256662.
28. ^'Frequent Questions'. USEPA. 2012.
29. ^ ^ab'Resource Recovery'. Government of Montana. 2012.
30. ^ ^ab'What is Resource Recovery?'. Grand Traverse County. 2006.
31. ^Syed Shatir, A. Syed-Hassan; Wang, Yi; Hu, Song; Su, Sheng; Xiang, Jun (December 2017). 'Thermochemical processing of sewage sludge to energy and fuel: Fundamentals, challenges and considerations'. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 80: 888–913. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.262.
32. ^'Removing food remains to reduce waste'. Recycling Guide. 14 February 2008. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
33. ^Schneider, Michael; Johnson, Liz. 'Lightweighting'. Projects in Scientific Computing. Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, Carnegie Mellon University, University of Pittsburgh. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
34. ^Abarca Guerrero, Lilliana; Maas, Ger; Hogland, William (2013). 'Solid waste management challenges for cities in developing countries'. Waste Management. 33 (1): 220–232. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2012.09.008. PMID23098815.
35. ^Claire Swedberg (4 February 2014). 'Air-Trak Brings Visibility to Waste Management'. RFID Journal. Retrieved 1 October 2015.

External links[edit]

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